Role of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase on characteristics of in-situ synthesized TiAl intermetallics. Part II: phase evolution

Maryam Akhlaghi; Esmaeil Salahi; Seyed Ali Tayebifard; Gert Schmidt

doi:10.53063/synsint.2021.1453

Maryam Akhlaghi ¹
Esmaeil Salahi ²
Seyed Ali Tayebifard ¹
Gert Schmidt ³

¹ Semiconductors Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Karaj, Iran
² Ceramics Department, Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Karaj, Iran
³ Faculty of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, TU Bergakademie, Freiberg, Germany

https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2021.1453

Abstract

In this research, the 2^nd part of a series of papers on the processing and characterization of TiAl–Ti₃AlC₂ composites, the phase evolution during the manufacturing process was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Rietveld refinement method. Metallic Ti and Al powders with different amounts of previously-synthesized Ti₃AlC₂ additives (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt%) were ball-milled and densified by spark plasma sintering (SPS) under 40 MPa for 7 min at 900 °C. Before the sintering process, XRD test verified that the powder mixtures contained metallic Ti and Al as well as Ti₃AlC₂ and TiC (lateral phase synthesized with Ti₃AlC₂) phases. In the sintered composites, the in-situ synthesis of TiAl and Ti₃Al intermetallics as well as the presence of Ti₃AlC₂ and the formation and Ti₂AlC MAX phases were disclosed. The weight percentage of each phase in the final composition of the samples and the crystallite size of different phases were calculated by the Rietveld refinement method based on the XRD patterns. The size of Ti₃AlC₂ crystallites in sintered samples was compared with the crystallite size of synthesized Ti₃AlC₂ powder.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Keywords: Spark plasma sintering, TiAl, Ti3AlC2, Phase analysis, Rietveld refinement, Crystallite

References

[1] M.R. Kabir, L. Chernova, M. Bartsch, Numerical investigation of room-temperature deformation behavior of a duplex type γTiAl alloy using a multi-scale modeling approach, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 5834–5847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.06.058.

[2] Z. Duan, Y. Han, X. Song, H. Chen, Creep behaviour of equiaxed fine-grain γ-TiAl-based alloy prepared by powder metallurgy, Mater. Sci. Technol. 36 (2020) 1457–1464. https://doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2020.1790098.

[3] H. Huang, H. Ding, X. Xu, R. Chen, J. Guo, H. Fu, Phase transformation and microstructure evolution of a beta-solidified gamma-TiAl alloy, J. Alloys Compd. 860 (2021) 158082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158082.

[4] H.P. Lim, W.Y.H. Liew, G.J.H. Melvin, Z.-T. Jiang, A Short Review on the Phase Structures, Oxidation Kinetics, and Mechanical Properties of Complex Ti-Al Alloys, Materials (Basel). 14 (2021) 1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071677.

[5] Z. Trzaska, G. Bonnefont, G. Fantozzi, J.-P. Monchoux, Comparison of densification kinetics of a TiAl powder by spark plasma sintering and hot pressing, Acta Mater. 135 (2017) 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2017.06.004.

[6] Y. Jiang, Y. He, H. Gao, Recent progress in porous intermetallics: Synthesis mechanism, pore structure, and material properties, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 74 (2021) 89–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2020.10.007.

[7] C.Y. Teng, N. Zhou, Y. Wang, D.S. Xu, A. Du, et al., Phase-field simulation of twin boundary fractions in fully lamellar TiAl alloys, Acta Mater. 60 (2012) 6372–6381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.08.016.

[8] G.H. Cao, A.M. Russell, C.-G. Oertel, W. Skrotzki, Microstructural evolution of TiAl-based alloys deformed by high-pressure torsion, Acta Mater. 98 (2015) 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.07.012.

[9] Y. Garip, Investigation of isothermal oxidation performance of TiAl alloys sintered by different processing methods, Intermetallics. 127 (2020) 106985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2020.106985.

[10] J. Shen, L. Hu, L. Zhang, W. Liu, A. Fang, Y. Sun, Synthesis of TiAl/Nb composites with concurrently enhanced strength and plasticity by powder metallurgy, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 795 (2020) 139997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139997.

[11] H.P. Qu, P. Li, S.Q. Zhang, A. Li, H.M. Wang, The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical property of laser melting deposition γ-TiAl intermetallic alloys, Mater. Des. 31 (2010) 2201–2210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.10.045.

[12] H. Clemens, A. Bartels, S. Bystrzanowski, H. Chladil, H. Leitner, et al., Grain refinement in γ-TiAl-based alloys by solid state phase transformations, Intermetallics. 14 (2006) 1380–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2005.11.015.

[13] L. Xiang, F. Wang, J. Zhu, X. Wang, Mechanical properties and microstructure of Al2O3/TiAl in situ composites doped with Cr2O3, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 528 (2011) 3337–3341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.01.006.

[14] A. Niasar, C. Zhang, B. Boesl, A. Agarwal, Unconventional Materials Processing Using Spark Plasma Sintering, Ceramics. 4 (2021) 20–39. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4010003.

[15] B. Nayebi, M. Shahedi Asl, M. Akhlaghi, Z. Ahmadi, S.A. Tayebifard, et al., Spark plasma sintering of TiB2-based ceramics with Ti3AlC2, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 11929–11934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.033.

[16] M. Shahedi Asl, B. Nayebi, M. Akhlaghi, Z. Ahmadi, S.A. Tayebifard, et al., A novel ZrB2-based composite manufactured with Ti3AlC2 additive, Ceram. Int. 47 (2021) 817–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.08.193.

[17] M. Tokita, Progress of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) Method, Systems, Ceramics Applications and Industrialization, Ceramics. 4 (2021) 160–198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4020014.

[18] M. Saravana Kumar, S. Rashia Begum, M. Vasumathi, C.C. Nguyen, Q. Van Le, Influence of molybdenum content on the microstructure of spark plasma sintered titanium alloys, Synth. Sinter. 1 (2021) 41–47. https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2021.1114.

[19] N.F. Mogale, W.R. Matizamhuka, Spark Plasma Sintering of Titanium Aluminides: A Progress Review on Processing, Structure-Property Relations, Alloy Development and Challenges, Metals (Basel). 10 (2020) 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/met10081080.

[20] M. Musi, B. Galy, J.-P. Monchoux, A. Couret, H. Clemens, S. Mayer, In-situ observation of the phase evolution during an electromagnetic-assisted sintering experiment of an intermetallic γ-TiAl based alloy, Scr. Mater. 206 (2022) 114233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114233.

[21] D. Wimler, J. Lindemann, T. Kremmer, H. Clemens, S. Mayer, Microstructure and mechanical properties of novel TiAl alloys tailored via phase and precipitate morphology, Intermetallics. 138 (2021) 107316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107316.

[22] C. Vakifahmetoglu, L. Karacasulu, Cold sintering of ceramics and glasses: A review, Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 24 (2020) 100807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2020.100807.

[23] H. Yoshida, Electric Field/Current-Assisted Sintering of Optical Ceramics, Handbook of Advanced Ceramics and Composites, Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16347-1_19.

[24] S. Shu, F. Qiu, C. Tong, X. Shan, Q. Jiang, Effects of Fe, Co and Ni elements on the ductility of TiAl alloy, J. Alloys Compd. 617 (2014) 302–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.07.199.

[25] P.V. Cobbinah, W. Matizamhuka, R. Machaka, M.B. Shongwe, Y. Yamabe-Mitarai, The effect of Ta additions on the oxidation resistance of SPS-produced TiAl alloys, Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 106 (2020) 3203–3215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-019-04885-7.

[26] L. Wang, A.K. Tieu, Q. Zhu, J. Chen, J. Cheng, et al., Achieving the excellent self-lubricity and low wear of TiAl intermetallics through the addition of copper coated graphite, Compos. B: Eng. 198 (2020) 108223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108223.

[27] Q. Duan, Q. Luan, J. Liu, L. Peng, Microstructure and mechanical properties of directionally solidified high-Nb containing Ti–Al alloys, Mater. Des. 31 (2010) 3499–3503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.02.022.

[28] Q. Liu, P. Nash, The effect of Ruthenium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of TiAl alloys, Intermetallics. 19 (2011) 1282–1290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2011.04.005.

[29] S. Shu, B. Xing, F. Qiu, S. Jin, Q. Jiang, Comparative study of the compression properties of TiAl matrix composites reinforced with nano-TiB2 and nano-Ti5Si3 particles, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 560 (2013) 596–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.10.001.

[30] C.L. Yeh, S.H. Su, In situ formation of TiAl–TiB2 composite by SHS, J. Alloys Compd. 407 (2006) 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.06.053.

[31] X. Gu, F. Cao, N. Liu, G. Zhang, D. Yang, et al., Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a high yttrium containing TiAl based alloy densified by spark plasma sintering, J. Alloys Compd. 819 (2020) 153264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153264.

[32] Y. Guo, Y. Liang, J. Lin, F. Yang, Effect of Nano-Y2O3 Addition on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of High-Nb TiAl Alloy Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering, Metals (Basel). 11 (2021) 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071048.

[33] X.H. Wang, Y.C. Zhou, Layered Machinable and Electrically Conductive Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 Ceramics: a Review, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 26 (2010) 385–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(10)60064-3.

[34] C.L. Yeh, Y.G. Shen, Formation of TiAl–Ti2AlC in situ composites by combustion synthesis, Intermetallics. 17 (2009) 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2008.10.014.

[35] X.-J. Song, H.-Z. Cui, N. Hou, N. Wei, Y. Han, et al., Lamellar structure and effect of Ti2AlC on properties of prepared in - situ TiAl matrix composites, Ceram. Int. 42 (2016) 13586–13592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.05.152.

[36] C. Yang, F. Wang, T. Ai, J. Zhu, Microstructure and mechanical properties of in situ TiAl/Ti2AlC composites prepared by reactive hot pressing, Ceram. Int. 40 (2014) 8165–8171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.01.012.

[37] F. Yang, F.T. Kong, Y.Y. Chen, S.L. Xiao, Effect of spark plasma sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of a Ti2AlC/TiAl composite, J. Alloys Compd. 496 (2010) 462–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.02.077.

[38] M. Akhlaghi, S.A. Tayebifard, E. Salahi, M. Shahedi Asl, Spark plasma sintering of TiAl–Ti3AlC2 composite, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 21759–21764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.08.272.

[39] M. Akhlaghi, E. Salahi, S.A. Tayebifard, G. Schmidt, Role of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase on characteristics of in-situ synthesized TiAl intermetallics. Part I: sintering and densification, Synth. Sinter. 1 (2021) 169–175. https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2021.1347.

[40] M. Akhlaghi, S.A. Tayebifard, E. Salahi, M. Shahedi Asl, G. Schmidt, Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase from mechanically-activated Ti/Al/graphite powder mixture, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018) 9671–9678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.02.195.

[41] T. Ai, F. Wang, X. Feng, M. Ruan, Microstructural and mechanical properties of dual Ti3AlC2–Ti2AlC reinforced TiAl composites fabricated by reaction hot pressing, Ceram. Int. 40 (2014) 9947–9953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.02.092.

View more references