Research article

On the synthesis and sintering behavior of a novel Mg-Ca alloy, Part II: Spark plasma sintering

  • Parisa Golmohammadi 1
  • Ahmad Bahmani 2
  • Nader Parvin 1
  • Behzad Nayebi 3
  • 1 Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
  • 2 Department of Advanced Materials and Renewable Energy, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
  • 3 Arta Magnesium Parsian Engineering Co., Tehran, Iran
https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2024.42194

Abstract

With the growing interest in lightweight materials, magnesium and its alloys have received substantial attention for replacing existing alloys. After investigating the mechanical alloying process of Mg-Ca alloys and determining the optimum parameters for milling in part I of this study, the current research aims to examine the second step: the sintering process. This study proposes the powder metallurgy method to process Mg-Ca alloy through the spark plasma sintering technique at 420 °C under an applied pressure of 38 MPa. Samples with different additives (starch or paraffin) were sintered for various dwell times (7 and 10 min) to determine the optimal mechanical and physical properties. To study the microstructure and phase composition of the sintered alloys, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized.  Density measurement, compression test, and micro-hardness evaluation were also conducted for the physical and mechanical feathers analysis. The results indicated that samples with a dwell time of 10 min exhibited superior mechanical properties. Additionally, the starch-containing sample outperformed the paraffin-containing sample in both physical and mechanical properties.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.
Keywords: Spark plasma sintering, Magnesium, Powder metallurgy, Grain boundary, Strengthening, Solid solution strengthening

References

[1] N. Sharma, G. Singh, P. Sharma, A. Singla, Development of Mg-Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Method and Its Characterization, Powder Metall. Met. Ceram. 58 (2019) 163–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-019-00060-5.
[2] J. Song, J. She, D. Chen, F. Pan, Latest research advances on magnesium and magnesium alloys worldwide, J. Magnes. Alloy. 8 (2020) 1–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2020.02.003.
[3] Y. Yang, X. Xiong, J. Chen, X. Peng, D. Chen, F. Pan, Research advances in magnesium and magnesium alloys worldwide in 2020, J. Magnes. Alloy. 9 (2021) 705–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.04.001.
[4] J. Song, J. Chen, X. Xiong, X. Peng, D. Chen, F. Pan, Research advances of magnesium and magnesium alloys worldwide in 2021, J. Magnes. Alloy. 10 (2022) 863–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.04.001.
[5] J. Tan, S. Ramakrishna, Applications of magnesium and its alloys: A review, Appl. Sci. 11 (2021) 6861. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156861.
[6] S.V.S. Prasad, S.B. Prasad, K. Verma, R.K. Mishra, V. Kumar, S. Singh, The role and significance of Magnesium in modern day research-A review, J. Magnes. Alloy. 10 (2022) 1–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2021.05.012.
[7] J. Bai, Y. Yang, C. Wen, J. Chen, G. Zhou, et al., Applications of magnesium alloys for aerospace: A review, J. Magnes. Alloy. 11 (2023) 3609–3619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2023.09.015.
[8] A. Maqbool, N.Z. Khan, A.N. Siddiquee, Towards Mg based light materials of future: properties, applications, problems, and their mitigation, J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 144 (2022) 030801. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051678.
[9] M. Ahmadi, S.A.A.B. Tabary, D. Rahmatabadi, M.S. Ebrahimi, K. Abrinia, R. Hashemi, Review of selective laser melting of magnesium alloys: advantages, microstructure and mechanical characterizations, defects, challenges, and applications, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 19 (2022) 1537–1562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.102.
[10] A. Bahmani, M. Lotfpour, M. Taghizadeh, W.-J. Kim, Corrosion behavior of severely plastically deformed Mg and Mg alloys, J. Magnes. Alloy. 10 (2022) 2607–2648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2022.09.007.
[11] R. Chalisgaonkar, Insight in applications, manufacturing and corrosion behaviour of magnesium and its alloys – A review, Mater. Today Proc. 26 (2020) 1060–1071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.211.
[12] S.K. Esamael, A.A. Fatalla, Analysis of Effect of Alloying Magnesium by Powder Metallurgy on Mechanical Properties : Review, J. Adv. Med. Dent. Sci. Res. 9 (2021) 100–106.
[13] E. Ghasali, M. Alizadeh, M. Niazmand, T. Ebadzadeh, Fabrication of magnesium-boron carbide metal matrix composite by powder metallurgy route: Comparison between microwave and spark plasma sintering, J. Alloys Compd. 697 (2017) 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.12.146.
[14] J.A.M. Carvalho, G. Domingues, M.T. Fernandes, N. Larcher, A.A. Ribeiro, J.A. Castro, Evaluation of MgZnCa Alloys Fabricated Via Powder Metallurgy for Manufacturing Biodegradable Surgical Implants, JOM. 73 (2021) 2403–2412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-021-04739-2.
[15] M. Behera, D.B. Panemangalore, R. Shabadi, Additively Manufactured Magnesium-Based Bio-Implants and their Challenges, Trans. Indian Natl. Acad. Eng. 6 (2021) 917–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-021-00241-y.
[16] L. Yang, T. Wang, C. Liu, Y. Ma, L. Wu, et al., Microstructures and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloys fabricated via vacuum hot-press sintering, J. Alloys Compd. 404–406 (2021) 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.05.002.
[17] S. Gonzaga, A. Molina, R. Guardián, H. Martínez, E.V. Vélez, J.S.O. Tapia, Synthesis of Magnesium-Based Alloys by Mechanical Alloying for Implant Applications, Coatings. 13 (2023) 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020260.
[18] P. Golmohammadi, F. Saljooghi, A. Bahmani, N. Parvin, B. Nayebi, On the synthesis and sintering behavior of a novel Mg-Ca alloy, Part I: Mechanical alloying, Synth. Sinter. 2 (2022) 131–137. https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2022.23118.
[19] M. Tokita, Progress of spark plasma sintering (SPS) method, systems, ceramics applications and industrialization, Ceramics. 4 (2021) 160–198. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics4020014.
[20] M. Sakkaki, M. Naderi, M. Vajdi, F. Sadegh Moghanlou, A. Tarlani Beris, A simulative approach to obtain higher temperatures during spark plasma sintering of ZrB2 ceramics by geometry optimization, Synth. Sinter. 3 (2023) 248–258. https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2023.34178.
[21] X.Y. Li, Z.H. Zhang, X.W. Cheng, G.J. Huo, S.Z. Zhang, Q. Song, The development and application of spark plasma sintering technique in advanced metal structure materials: A review, Powder Metall. Met. Ceram. 60 (2021) 410–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11106-021-00254-w.
[22] N. Sezer, Z. Evis, S.M. Kayhan, A. Tahmasebifar, M. Koç, Review of magnesium-based biomaterials and their applications, J. Magnes. Alloy. 6 (2018) 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jma.2018.02.003.
[23] R. Liu, W. Wang, H. Chen, Z. Lu, W. Zhao, T. Zhang, Densification of pure magnesium by spark plasma sintering-discussion of sintering mechanism, Adv. Powder Technol. 30 (2019) 2649–2658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.08.012.
[24] M. Saravana Kumar, S. Rashia Begum, M. Vasumathi, C.C. Nguyen, Q. Van Le, Influence of molybdenum content on the microstructure of spark plasma sintered titanium alloys, Synth. Sinter. 1 (2021) 41–47. https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2021.1114.
[25] Z.-Y. Hu, Z.-H. Zhang, X.-W. Cheng, F.-C. Wang, Y.-F. Zhang, S.-L. Li, A review of multi-physical fields induced phenomena and effects in spark plasma sintering: Fundamentals and applications, Mater. Des. 191 (2020) 108662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108662.
[26] H.G. Mohammed, T.M.B. Albarody, M. Mustapha, N.M. Sultan, H.K.M. Al-Jothery, Investigate the effect of process parameters of magnetic inductively assisted spark plasma sintering (SPS) of iron oxide (Fe3O4) on microstructure behaviour – Part I, Mater. Today Proc. 42 (2021) 2106–2112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.293.
[27] A.S. Mukasyan, A.S. Rogachev, D.O. Moskovskikh, Z.S. Yermekova, Reactive spark plasma sintering of exothermic systems: A critical review, Ceram. Int. 48 (2022) 2988–2998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.10.207.
[28] M. Suarez, A. Fernandez, J.L. Menendez, R. Torrecillas, H.U. Kessel, et al., Challenges and Opportunities for Spark Plasma Sintering: A Key Technology for a New Generation of Materials’, Sintering Applications, Intech. (2013). https://doi.org/10.5772/53706.
Scopus
Europe PMC

Cited By

Crossref Google Scholar
On the synthesis and sintering behavior of a novel Mg-Ca alloy, Part II: Spark plasma sintering
Submitted
2023-12-20
Available online
2024-06-26
How to Cite
Golmohammadi, P., Bahmani, A., Parvin, N., & Nayebi, B. (2024). On the synthesis and sintering behavior of a novel Mg-Ca alloy, Part II: Spark plasma sintering. Synthesis and Sintering, 4(2), 154-159. https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2024.42194
Issue
Vol. 4 No. 2 (2024)

Copyright (c) 2024 Parisa Golmohammadi, Ahmad Bahmani, Nader Parvin, Behzad Nayebi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright
Authors are the copyright holders of their published papers in Synthesis and Sintering, which are simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The full details of the license are available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

All papers published open access will be immediately and permanently free for everyone to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, link to the full-text of papers, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose without any registration obstacles or subscription fees.

Most read articles by the same author(s)