From self-healing surfaces to living interfaces: A materials–cell biology perspective on next-generation biomaterials

Abstract

Self-healing surfaces are undergoing a fundamental transition from passive materials that merely repair cracks toward active interfaces capable of sensing, responding, and restoring function within complex biological environments. This Perspective proposes a shift from conventional crack-repairing materials to bioadaptive self-healing interfaces, in which dynamic material chemistry is integrated with cellular and molecular processes. We examine how dynamic covalent and supramolecular networks, nanocomposites, hydrogels, and stimuli-responsive materials can be coupled with cell–material interactions, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, mechanotransduction, redox regulation, immune signaling, and tissue regeneration. Particular attention is given to the distinction between structural healing and biological or functional recovery, highlighting that closure of a crack or recovery of mechanical strength does not necessarily indicate restoration of the original biointerface. On this basis, we propose a multidimensional framework encompassing geometrical, mechanical, chemical, biological, and functional healing, together with a damage–repair–biology evaluation strategy that compares pristine, damaged, and healed interfaces. Emerging concepts including ECM-inspired networks, cell-interactive hydrogels, conductive and antibacterial self-healing surfaces, and stimuli-responsive biointerfaces are discussed as routes toward adaptive materials that can dynamically communicate with surrounding cells. Finally, a research roadmap is proposed for developing multifunctional surfaces capable of sensing environmental changes, reorganizing their molecular architecture, restoring interfacial properties, and regulating cellular responses. This perspective positions self-healing interfaces as dynamic communication layers between engineered materials and living systems, providing a framework for the next generation of regenerative and biofunctional surfaces.