Synthesis methods and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles: A biomedical perspective en en Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as pivotal materials in nanomedicine due to their unique magnetic, catalytic, and biological properties. This review examines a variety of synthesis methods: chemical (co-precipitation, sol-gel, thermal decomposition, microemulsion), physical (ball milling, laser ablation, arc discharge, physical vapor deposition, spray pyrolysis), and biological (plant-mediated, microbial, and biomolecule-assisted) and discusses how these techniques influence nanoparticle size, crystallinity, and surface functionality. We also detail characterization techniques, such as SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS, and FTIR, that are critical for optimizing IONP performance in biomedical settings. Despite considerable progress, issues with reproducibility, scale-up, and biocompatibility remain. Future efforts should focus on standardizing protocols, integrating real-time monitoring, and conducting extensive safety assessments to facilitate the clinical translation and large-scale production of IONPs for diverse applications. 109 128 Saad Ahmed Department of Biological Sciences International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000 Pakistan saad.bsbt1590@iiu.edu.pk Seema Inayat Aga Khan Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Karachi Pakistan Iram Javed Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology University of Education, Lahore Pakistan Iron oxide nanoparticles Nanomedicine Synthesis Characterization Vol 5 No 2 Paper 3.pdf [1] S. Malik, K. Muhammad, Y. Waheed, Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Modern Industry, Molecules. 28 (2023) 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020661. ##[2] S.F. Medeiros, A.M. Santos, H. Fessi, A. Elaissari, Stimuli-responsive magnetic particles for biomedical applications, Int. J. 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