<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<XML>
<ISCJOURNAL>
<YEAR>2022</YEAR>
<VOL>2</VOL>
<NO>4</NO>
<PAGE_NO>8</PAGE_NO>
<ARTICLES>
			<ARTICLE>
				<TitleF></TitleF>
				<TitleE>Crystallization behavior and structural evaluation of cordierite base glass-ceramic in the presence of CaO and B2O3 additives</TitleE>
				<TitleLang_ID>en</TitleLang_ID>
				<ABSTRACTS>
					<ABSTRACT>
						<Language_ID>en</Language_ID>
						<CONTENT>The purpose of the present work is to highlight the role of CaO and B2O3 additives on the crystallization behavior and microstructural properties of stoichiometric cordierite glass-ceramics using differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Vickers micro-hardness and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the presence of B2O3 and CaO in the initial glass led to the precipitation of only one exothermic peak (α-cordierite: Mg2Al4Si5O18). During the heat treatment process, the presence of calcium oxide favors crystallization of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) besides α-cordierite phase. It is worth mentioning that, CaO and B2O3 additives strongly encourage the formation of α-cordierite and have the opposite effect on the crystallization of µ-cordierite. In order to determine the effect of crystallization and B2O3 and CaO additives on the hardness of specimens, the micro-hardness measurement of glasses and glass-ceramics shows that the glass-ceramic containing CaO (MAS5C) exhibits the highest micro-hardness value, which depends on the high crystallinity value in this specimen. </CONTENT>
					</ABSTRACT>
				</ABSTRACTS>
				<PAGES>
					<PAGE>
						<FPAGE>198</FPAGE>
						<TPAGE>205</TPAGE>
					</PAGE>
				</PAGES>
				<AUTHORS>
					<AUTHOR>
						<NameE>Zahra</NameE>
						<MidNameE></MidNameE>		
						<FamilyE>Shamohammadi Ghahsareh</FamilyE>
						<Organizations>
							<Organization>Department of Materials Engineering</Organization>
						</Organizations>
						<Universities>
							<University>University of Tabriz, Tabriz</University>
						</Universities>
						<Countries>
							<Country>Iran</Country>
						</Countries>
						<EMAILS>
							<Email></Email>			
						</EMAILS>
					</AUTHOR>
						<AUTHOR>
						<NameE>Mohammad</NameE>
						<MidNameE></MidNameE>		
						<FamilyE>Rezvani</FamilyE>
						<Organizations>
							<Organization>Department of Materials Engineering</Organization>
						</Organizations>
						<Universities>
							<University>University of Tabriz, Tabriz</University>
						</Universities>
						<Countries>
							<Country>Iran</Country>
						</Countries>
						<EMAILS>
							<Email>m_rezvani@tabrizu.ac.ir</Email>			
						</EMAILS>
					</AUTHOR>
				</AUTHORS>
				<KEYWORDS>
					<KEYWORD>
						<KeyText>Glass-ceramic</KeyText>
					</KEYWORD>
					<KEYWORD>
						<KeyText>Cordierite</KeyText>
					</KEYWORD>
					<KEYWORD>
						<KeyText>Crystallization</KeyText>
					</KEYWORD>
					<KEYWORD>
						<KeyText>Heat treatment</KeyText>
					</KEYWORD>
				</KEYWORDS>
				<PDFFileName>Vol 2 No 4 Paper 7.pdf</PDFFileName>
				<REFRENCES>
				<REFRENCE>
					<REF>
					[1]	G.-h. Chen, X.-y. Liu, Influence of AlN addition on thermal and mechanical properties of cordierite-based glass/ceramic composites, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 190 (2007) 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.03.106.
##[2]	V. Marghussian, U. Balazadegan, B. Eftekhari-yekta, The effect of BaO and Al2O3 addition on the crystallization behaviour of cordierite glass-ceramics in the presence of V2O5 nucleant, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 29 (2009) 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2008.05.026.
##[3]	V.K. Marghussian, O. Balazadegan, B. Eftekhari-yekta, Crystallization behaviour, microstructure and mechanical properties of cordierite–mullite glass-ceramics, J. Alloys Compd. 484 (2009) 902–906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.05.080.
##[4]	H. Shao, K. Liang, F. Peng, Crystallization kinetics of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramics, Ceram. Int. 30 (2004) 927–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2003.10.015.
##[5]	N.J. Azin, M.A. Camerucci, A.L. Cavalieri, Crystallization of non-stoichiometric cordierite glasses, Ceram. Int. 31 (2005) 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2004.04.002.
##[6]	M.A. Villegasa, J. Alarcón, Mechanism of crystallization of Co-cordierites from stoichiometric powdered glasses, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 22 (2002) 487–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(01)00300-4.
##[7]	M. Terada, K. Kawamura, I. Kagomiya, K. Kakimoto, H. Ohsato, Effect of Ni substitution on the microwave dielectric properties of cordierite, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27 (2007) 3045–3048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.11.050.
##[8]	G.-H. Chen, X.-Y. Liu, Sintering, Crystallization and properties of MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 system glass-ceramics containing ZnO, J. Alloys Compd. 431 (2007) 282–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.05.060.
##[9]	H. Malekzadeh, M. Rezvani, Effect of CaO additive on sintering and crystallization behavior of cordierite glass-ceramic prepared by sol-gel method, J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 66 (2013) 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-013-2992-y.
##[10]	R. Goren, H. Gocmez, C. Ozgur, Synthesis of cordierite powder from talc, diatomite and alumina, Ceram. Int. 32 (2006) 407–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.03.016.
##[11]	M.J. Maleki, H. Majidian, S. Banijamali, M. Zakeri, Development of cordierite-based glass-ceramics by slip casting through selecting the appropriate sintering conditions, Synth. Sinter. 2 (2022) 84–91. https://doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2022.22116.
##[12]	S. Wang, K. Liang, Crystallization behavior and infrared radiation property of nickel–magnesium cordierite based glass–ceramics, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 354 (2008) 1522–1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2007.08.031.
##[13]	S. Wang, F. Kuang, Q. Yan, Ch. Ge, L. Qi, Crystallization and infrared radiation properties of iron ion doped cordierite glass-ceramics, J. Alloys Compd. 509 (2011) 2819–2823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.11.126.
##[14]	Y. Demirci, E. Günay, Crystallization behavior and properties of cordierite glass-ceramics with added boron oxide, J. Ceram. Process. Res. 12 (2011) 352–356.
##[15]	M. Dittmer, M. Müller, C. Rüssel, Self-organized nano crystallinity in MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 glasses with ZrO2 as nucleating agent, Mater. Chem. Phys. 124 (2010) 1083–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.08.037.
##[16]	J. Banjuraizah, H. Mohamad, Z.A. Ahmad, Crystal structure of single phase and low sintering temperature of α-cordierite synthesized from talc and kaolin, J. Alloys Compd. 482 (2009) 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.04.044.
##[17]	S.K. Marikkannan, E.P. Ayyasamy, Synthesis, characterization and sintering behavior influencing the mechanical, thermal and physical properties of cordierite-doped TiO2, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2 (2013) 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2013.03.016.
##[18]	B.J. Banjuraizah, H. Mohamad, Z.A. Ahmad, Thermal expansion coefficient and dielectric properties of non-stoichiometric cordierite compositions with excess MgO mole ratio synthesized from mainly kaolin and talc by the glass crystallization method, J. Alloys Compd. 494 (2010) 256–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.01.002.
##[19]	Z. Shi, K.M. Liang, S.R. Gu, Effects of CeO2 on phase transformation towards cordierite in 2MgO–Al2O3 –SiO2 system, Mater. Lett. 51 (2001) 68–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(01)00267-1.
##[20]	A.W.A. El-Shennawi, M.M. Morsi, S.A.M. Abdel-Hameed, Effect of fluoride nucleating catalysts on crystallization of cordierite from modified basalt-based glasses, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27 (2007) 1829–1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.05.062.
##[21]	G.-h. Chen, Sintering, crystallization, and properties of CaO doped cordierite-based glass–ceramics, J. Alloys Compd. 455 (2008) 298–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2007.01.036.
##[22]	Y. Yu, X. Hao, L. Song, Z. Li, L. Song, Synthesis and characterization of single phase and low temperature co-fired cordierite glass-ceramics from perlite, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 448 (2016) 36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.06.039.
##[23]	K. Maeda, Y. Sera, A. Yasumori, Effect of molybdenum and titanium oxides on mechanical and thermal properties of cordierite–enstatite glass-ceramics, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 434 (2016) 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.12.001.
##[24]	J. Kang, J. Wang, X. Zhou, J. Yuan, Y. Hou, et al., Effects of alkali metal oxides on crystallization behavior and acid corrosion resistance of cordierite-based glass-ceramics, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 481 (2018) 184–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2017.10.048.
##[25]	W. Yu, S. Cao, J. Wang, Z. Zhang, J. Han, et al., Crystallization mechanisms of cordierite glass-ceramics with “surface-center” crystallization behavior, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 41 (2021) 6708–6721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2021.05.061.
##[26]	X. Lao, X. Xu, Crystallization behavior and properties of non-stoichimetric cordierite glass–ceramics: Effects of talc, MgO/SiO2 ratio, and Al2O3 content, Mater. Today Commun. 31 (2022) 103316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103316.
##[27]	H. Malekzadeh, M. Rezvani, B. Shaabani, Crystallization and sintering behavior of Sol-Gel derived cordierite glass-ceramic containing CaO and B2O3 additives, J. Adv. Mater. Process. 8 (2014) 39–50.
##[28]	G. H. Chen, Effect of replacement of MgO by CaO on sintering, crystallization and properties of MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system glass-ceramics, J. Mater. Sci. 42 (2007) 7239–7244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1548-3.
##[29]	J.-M. Wu, S.-P. Hwang, Effects of (B2O3, P2O5) additives on microstructural development and phase-transformation kinetics of stoichiometric cordierite glasses, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83 (2000) 1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01364.x.
##[30]	S. Wang, F. Kuang, Sol-gel preparation and infrared radiation property of boron-substituted cordierite glass-ceramics, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 26 (2010) 445–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-0302(10)60070-9.
##[31]	C.-F. Yang, C.-M. Cheng, The influence of B2O3 on the sintering of MgO-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 composite glass powder, Ceram. Int. 25 (1999) 383–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-8842(98)00049-2.
##[32]	S.M. Ohlberg, D.W. Strickler, Determination of percent crystallinity of partly devitrified glass by X-ray diffraction, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 45 (1962) 170–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1962.tb11114.x.
##[33]	M.S. Shakeri, M. Rezvani, Optical properties and structural evaluation of Li2O–Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2 Glassy semiconductor containing passive agent CeO2, Spectrochim. Acta A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 83 (2011) 592–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.09.009.
##[34]	M. Sales, G. Alarcon, Crystallization of sol-gel derived glass-ceramic powders in the CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system, part II, J. Mater. Sci. 30 (1995) 2341–2347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01184584.
##[35]	R. Petrović, D. Janacković, S. Zec, S. Drmanić, L. Kostić-Gvozdenović, Phase-transformation kinetics in triphasic cordierite gel, J. Mater. Res. 16 (2001) 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2001.0068.
##[36]	D. Pal, A.K. Chakraborty, S. Sen, S.K. Sen, The synthesis, characterization and sintering of sol-gel drived cordierite ceramics for electronic applications, J. Mater. Sci. 31 (1996) 3995–4005. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00352661.
##[37]	M. Reben, H. Li, Thermal stability and crystallization kinetics of MgO–Al2O3–B2O3–SiO2 glasses, Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 2 (2011) 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-1294.2011.00039.x.
##[38]	U. Grob, S. Rudiger, E. Kemnitz, Alkaline earth fluorides and their complexes: A sol- gel flourination study, Solid State Sci. 9 (2007) 838–842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.06.008.
##[39]	M.R. Majhi, R. Pyari, S.P. Singh, Studies on preparation and characterizations of CaO- Na2O- SiO2- P2O5 bioglass ceramics substitued with Li2O, K2O, ZnO, MgO and B2O3, Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res. 2 (2011) 5509–5518.
##[40]	D.P. Mukherjee, S.K. Das, Effect of nano silica on synthesis and properties of glass-ceramics in SiO2- Al2O3- CaO- CaF2 glass system: A Comparison, J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 368 (2013) 98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2013.03.012. 
##[41]	B. Karmakar, M. Das, S.P. Singh, K. Pal, S. Jena, Influence of combined Al2O3-SiO2 filler on thermal and dielectric properties of barium zinc borate glass Micro-composites for barrier ribs of plasma display panels, Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci. 17 (2010) 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/0371750X.2010.11090821. 

					</REF>
				</REFRENCE>
					</REFRENCES>
			</ARTICLE>
			</ARTICLES>
</ISCJOURNAL>
</XML>